Types of IOTs
Classify according to two types
1. IoT Enabling Technologies 2. loT Levels &
Deployment
1. IoT Enabling
Technologies
- It is including:-
- 1.
wireless
sensor networks,
- 2.
cloud
computing,
- 3.
big
data analytics,
- 4.
communication
protocols,
- 5.
embedded
systems,
1 . Wireless
Sensor Networks (WSN)
- ·
Distributed
devices ( sensors- used to monitor the environmental and physical
conditions) work as end-nodes (sensors/routers and a coordinator).
- ·
Routers are used for routing the data
packets from end nodes to the coordinator.
- ·
The
coordinator collects the data from all the nodes and as a gateway
and connects to the internet.
- ·
Some
examples:-
o
Weather monitoring systems (collect
temperature, humidity, and other data).
o
Indoor air quality monitoring systems(
collect indoor air quality and concentration of various gases data).
o
Soil moisture monitoring systems (monitor
soil moisture at various locations.) .
o
Surveillance systems (collecting
motion detection data).
o
Structural health monitoring systems (monitor
buildings, bridges structure).
- ·
Wsns
use wireless communication protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4., Zigbee, etc
- ·
Wsns
use a large number of low-cost and low-power sensing nodes for continuous
monitoring of environmental and physical conditions. (makes the network
robust).
- ·
Wsns
are self-organizing networks if a node is a failure then it configures and
if add new nodes to the network, then it autoconfigures its network.
2. Cloud Computing
- ·
Cloud
computing is delivering applications and services over the Internet. (transformative
computing paradigm)
- ·
Works
in a "pay as you go" model.
- ·
Cloud
computing resources are on-demand by the users, platform-independent,
automated, and heterogeneous client platforms (workstations, laptops,
tablets, and smartphones) without requiring interactions with the cloud
service provider.
- ·
In
computing services cloud provides Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS).
- ·
IaaS
provides the users with virtual machine instances and virtual storage.
- ·
Users
can start, stop, configure and manage the virtual machine instances and virtual
storage.
- ·
Users
can deploy operating systems and applications of their choice on the virtual
resources in the cloud. (based on a pay-per-use paradigm).
- ·
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): PaaS provides
applications in the cloud using the development tools, application programming
interfaces (APIs), software libraries, and cloud infrastructure including servers,
network, operating systems, storage, and services provided by the cloud service
provider.
- ·
Software-as-a-Service
(SaaS): SaaS provides the users a complete software application or the user
interface to the application itself.
- ·
Applications
are provided to the user through a thin client interface (e.g., a browser).
3. Big Data Analytics
- ·
Big
data is defined as collections of data sets whose volume (huge-scale data),
velocity (how fast the data is generated and how frequently it varies.), or
variety (forms of the data, such as structured or unstructured data, including
text data, image, audio, video and sensor data. ).
- ·
Big
data analytics involves several steps starting from data cleansing, data
munging (or wrangling (dispute)), data processing, and visualization.
- ·
Some
examples of big data generated by loT systems are described as follows:
·
Sensor
data generated by lot systems such as weather monitoring stations...
·
Machine sensor data collected from
sensors embedded in industrial and energy systems for Monitoring their
health and detecting failures.
·
Health and fitness data generated by lot of devices such as wearable fitness bands.
·
Location and tracking of vehicles.
·
Retail inventory monitoring systems.
4. Communication Protocols
- ·
Communication
protocols form the backbone of loT systems and enable network connectivity and
coupling to applications.
- ·
These
protocols define the data exchange formats, data encoding, addressing schemes
for devices, and routing of packets from source to destination according to various
network layers.
- ·
protocols
also include sequence control (that helps in ordering packets and determining lost
packets), flow control (that helps in controlling the rate at which the sender
is sending the data so that the receiver or the network is not overwhelmed), and
retransmission of lost packets.
5.
Embedded
Systems
- · An Embedded System is a computer system that has computer hardware and software embedded to perform specific tasks.
- ·
Key
components of an embedded system include microprocessor or microcontroller,
memory (RAM, ROM, cache), networking units (Ethernet, WiFi adapters),
input/output units (display, keyboard, etc.), and storage (such as flash
memory).
- ·
Some
embedded systems have specialized processors such as digital signal processors
(DSPs), graphics processors, and application-specific processors.
- ·
Embedded
systems run embedded operating systems such as real-time operating systems
(RTOS).
- ·
Embedded
systems range from low-cost reduced devices such as digital watches to devices
such as digital cameras, point of sale terminals, vending machines, appliances
(such as washing machines), etc.
========================================================
2. loT Levels
& Deployment
A lot system
comprises the following components:
·
Device:
A lot of devices are used
for identification, remote sensing, actuating, and remote monitoring
capabilities.
·
Resource:
Resources are
software components on the loT device for accessing, processing, and storing
sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to the device for network access.
·
Controller Service:
The controller service sends data from the device to the web service and receives commands
from the application (via web services) for controlling the device.
·
Database:
The database can be
either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the loT device.
·
Web Service:
Web services create
a link between the IoT device, application, database, and analysis components.
Web service can
be either implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using WebSocket
protocol (WebSocket service).
·
WebSocket
A WebSocket is a low-latency (real-time), full-duplex
(bidirectional), long-running (persistent), single connection (TCP) between a
client and server used for real-time, event-driven web applications.
It synchronizes real-time data updates, live text chat, video
conferencing, and VOIP data for IoT control and monitoring.
It is used in gaming, social networks, logistics, finance and
home, vehicle, and industrial automation, etc.
Supported by major web browsers.
Provides bundles of data and transmitted
continuously within multiple devices
·
REST(Representational
State Transfer)
- Use for developing web services.
- REST itself is a concept, not an IoT protocol.
- Most widely used form of API and is designed to be used over any protocol for Files, Objects, Media, etc.
·
Analysis Component:
- The Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing the loT data and generating results in a form which are easy for the user to understand.
- Performed and stored Analysed results either locally or in the cloud.
·
Application:
loT applications
provide an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various
aspects of the IoT system and view the system status and view the processed
data to the user.
IoT technology
classifies into various levels: -
1. IoT Level-1
- ·
A
level-1 lot system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data, performs analysis, and hosts the application.
- ·
Suitable
for modeling low-cost and low-complexity solutions where the data involved is
not big and the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.
- · Example:- IoT system for home automation.
o
The
system consists of a single node that allows controlling the lights and
appliances in a home remotely.
o
The
device used in this system interfaces with the lights and appliances using
electronic relay switches.
o
The
status information of each light or appliance is maintained in a local
database.
o
REST
services deployed locally allow retrieving and updating the state of each light
or appliance in the status database.
o
The
controller service continuously monitors the state of each light or appliance
(by retrieving the state from the database) and triggers the relay switches
accordingly.
o
The
application which is deployed locally has a user interface for controlling the
lights or appliances.
o
Since
the device is connected to the Internet, the application can be accessed
remotely as well.
2. loT Level-2
- ·
A
level-2 lot has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local
analysis.
- ·
Data
is stored in the cloud and the application is usually cloud-based.
- ·
Suitable
for where the data involved is big, the primary analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can be done locally itself.
Example:- smart irrigation.
- ·
The
system consists of a single node that monitors the soil moisture level and
controls the irrigation stem.
- ·
The
device used in this system collects soil moisture data from sensors.
- ·
The
system. controller service continuously monitors the moisture levels.
- ·
If
the moisture level drops below a threshold, the irrigation system is turned on.
- ·
For
controlling the irrigation system actuators such as solenoid valves can be
used.
- ·
The
controller also sends the moisture data to the computing cloud.
- ·
A
cloud-based REST web service is used for storing and retrieving moisture data
which is stored in the cloud database.
- ·
A
cloud-based application is used for visualizing the moisture levels over a
period of time, which can help in making decisions about irrigation schedules.
3 loT Level-3
- ·
Level-3
IoT system has a single node.
- ·
Data
is stored and analyzed in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
- ·
Suitable
for where the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
· Example:- tracking package handling.
o
The
system consists of a single node (for a package) that monitors the vibration
levels for a package being shipped.
o
The
device in this system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensors for monitoring
vibration levels.
o
The
controller service sends the sensor data to the cloud in real-time using a WebSocket
service.
o
The
data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using a cloud-based
application.
o
The
analysis components in the cloud can trigger alerts if the vibration levels
become greater than a threshold.
o
The
benefit of using WebSocket service instead of REST service in this example is
that the sensor data can be sent in real-time to the cloud. Moreover, cloud-based applications can subscribe to the sensor data feeds for viewing the
real-time data.
4 loT Level-4
- · A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
- ·
Level-4
contains local and cloud-based observer nodes which can subscribe to and
receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
- ·
Observer
nodes can process information and use it for various applications, however,
observer nodes do not perform any control functions.
- ·
Level-4
IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the
data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive.
- · Example:- IoT system for noise monitoring.
o
The
system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring
noise levels in an area.
o
The
nodes in this example are equipped with sound sensors.
o
Nodes
are independent of each other.
o
Each
node runs its own controller service that sends the data to the cloud.
o
The
data is stored in a cloud database.
o
The
analysis of data collected from a number of nodes is done in the cloud.
o
A
cloud-based application is used for visualizing the aggregated data.
5 loT Level-5
- ·
A
level-5 lot system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node.
- ·
The
end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
- ·
Coordinator
node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
- ·
Data
is stored and analyzed in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
- ·
Suitable
for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in which the data involved is
big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
· Example:- lot system for forest fire detection.
o
The
system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring
temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in a forest.
o
The
end nodes in this example are equipped with various sensors (such as
temperature, humidity, and CO₂).
o
The
coordinator node collects the data from the end nodes and acts as a gateway
that provides Internet connectivity to the lot system.
o
The
controller service on the coordinator device sends the collected data to the
cloud.
o
The
data is stored in a cloud database.
o
The
analysis of data is done in the computing cloud to aggregate the data and make
predictions.
o
A
cloud-based application is used for visualizing the data.
A level-6 IoT
-
- ·
Data
is stored in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
- ·
The
analytics component analyses the data and stores the results in the cloud
database.
- ·
The
results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
- · The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control commands to the nodes.
- ·
Example:- lot system for weather monitoring.
o
The
system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring
temperature, humidity, and pressure in an area.
o
The
end nodes are equipped with various sensors (such as temperature, pressure, and
humidity).
o
The
end nodes send the data to the cloud in real-time using a WebSocket service.
o
The
data is stored in a cloud database.
o
The
analysis of data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data and make
predictions.
o
A
cloud-based application is used for visualizing data.
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