Information Technology
(IT)
Information Technology (IT) include the study and application
of computers and any form of telecommunications that store, retrieve and send
information.
It a combination of hardware and software used together to
perform the essential functions people need and use every day.
In IT All the equipment or elements which are used for
communication in the real world.
Computer science is a part of IT.
Communication –
·
Instant messaging, emails, voice and video calls becomes quicker,
cheaper and more efficient.
·
Remove the linguistic, geographical, and cultural boundaries.
·
Sharing the information, knowledge, communication, and relationships
between different countries, languages, and cultures becomes much easier.
·
Business can be open anytime anywhere over the globe.
·
Ecommerce from different countries easier and more convenient and goods
delivered exactly to customers.
·
Creates new and interesting jobs such as Computer programmers, Systems analyzers,
Hardware and Software developers and Web designers etc.
·
Promotes more efficient operation of the company and also improves the decision-making
capability.
·
Improve production at low cost in a competitive era.
Unemployment and lack of job
security –
·
Reduce job security and increase unemployment.
·
Ex. reduce paperwork’s, financial transactions are automatically
calculated, online and personal assistants, etc. manpower replaced by the machine
power.
·
Due to IT, the world a global village, English
becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else.
·
Thieves and hackers get access to identities and sensitive company data Such
as include vendor information, bank records, intellectual property, and personal
data on company management.
·
The hackers distribute the information over the Internet, sell it to
rival companies or use it to damage the company’s image.
·
It requires a good amount of cost in the case of software, hardware, and
people. Employees need to be trained with unfamiliar information technology and
software.
Generation of Computers
- Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
- ·
Input by punched cards and paper tapes.
- ·
The output was displayed as printouts.
- ·
The
instructions were written in machine language. (0s and 1s)
- ·
Solve
one problem at a time (computation time in milliseconds).
- ·
Computers
size:- huge, required a large room.
- ·
Used
in scientific applications.
- ·
J.P.Eckert
and J.W.Mauchy invented the first successful electronic computer called ENIAC,
ENIAC stands for “Electronic Numeric Integrated And Calculator”.
· Examples:- Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC), and Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC), IBM-701 IBM-650.
Drawbacks:-
- ·
Used a large number of vacuum tubes and thus generated a lot of heat.
- ·
vacuum
tubes require a large cooling system.
- ·
Consumed lot of electricity which is expensive to operate.
- ·
The machines were required constant maintenance.
- ·
Due to machine language, so difficult to program.
- ·
Very
less work efficiency.
2. Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors
- ·
Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes.
- ·
Transistors size:- smaller, faster, cheaper, energy-efficient and
reliable.
- · The used magnetic core technology for primary memory.
- ·
Used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage.
- ·
Input by punched cards and the output using printouts.
- ·
Assembly the language uses mnemonics like ADD for addition and SUB for subtraction for coding
of the instructions.
- ·
Easier
as compared to machine language.
- ·
High-level
programming languages, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN were also
developed during this period.
- ·
The
computation time:- microseconds.
- ·
The
cost of commercial production was very high, though less than the first
generation computers.
- ·
Less maintenance than the first generation computers.
- ·
Generated a lot of heat but less than the first generation computers.
- ·
.Only
used for specific purposes.
- ·
Constant
maintenance was required.
3
Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits
- ·
IC
was invented by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby In 1958-1959.
- ·
Silicon is a type of semiconductor.
- ·
Increased the speed and the efficiency of the computer.
- ·
The keyboard and monitor were used to interact instead of the
punched card and printouts.
- ·
The
keyboard and the monitor used by the operating system.
- ·
Operating the system allowed different applications to run at the same time.
- ·
High-level languages were used for
programming, instead of machine language and assembly language.
- ·
The
computation time:- in nanoseconds.
- ·
Size
of computers is small as compared to the second generation computers.
- ·
These
Computers were mainly used for commercial purposes.
- ·
Smaller
and cheaper than previous generation computers.
- ·
The
third generation computers used less power and generated less heat than the
second-generation computers.
- ·
The the maintenance cost of the computers was less as compared to their previous
generations.
- IC chips are difficult to maintain.
- The highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.
- Air conditioning is required.
4
Fourth Generation (1971 to 1980): Using Microprocessors
- ·
(Thousands
of transistors are integrated on a small silicon chip using LSI technology.
- ·
VLSI
allows hundreds of thousands of components to be integrated in a small chip. )
- ·
Use
microprocessor chip (Microprocessor:-a chip containing millions of transistors and components, and, designed using LSI and VLSI technology. ).
- ·
Use Semiconductor memory ( fast random access to Memory. ).
- ·
Secondary storage device like magnetic disks became smaller in
physical size and larger in capacity.
- ·
Development of pointing devices like mouse, and handheld devices.
- ·
Personal Computer (PC) was developed.
- ·
new
operating systems like the MS-DOS and MS-Windows were developed.
- ·
GUI
feature developed.
- ·
High-level
programming languages are used for the writing of programs.
- ·
The
computation time is in picoseconds.
- ·
computers
Size smaller than the previous generation. Ex. palmtop.
- ·
widely
use for commercial, Personal( PC) purposes.
- ·
The
Intel 4004 chip was the first microprocessor.
- · The central processing unit (CPU) and memory were located on a single chip.
- ·
In
1981, IBM introduced the first computer for home use.
- ·
In
1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh.
- ·
computers
are also portable and more reliable.
- ·
Due
to microprocessor computers being smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
- ·
Generate
much lesser heat and require less maintenance compared to their predecessors.
- ·
GUI
and pointing devices facilitate easy use and learning on the computer.
- ·
Networking
use for resource sharing and communication among different computers.
·
Examples
are: · IBM 4341 · DEC 10 · STAR 1000 · PUP 11 … and many more
· The
Microprocessor design and fabrication are very complex.
· Air conditioning
is required in many cases due to the presence of IC(s).
· Advanced
technology is required to make the ICs.
- ·
Develop
computers that are capable of learning and self-organization.
- ·
Use
super large scale integrated (SLSI) chips that are able to store
millions of components on a single chip.
- ·
This
generation is based on ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology resulting
in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
component.
- ·
require
large memory.
- ·
Uses
parallel processing that allows several instructions to be executed in
parallel, instead of serial execution. So processing speed is faster.
- ·
Ex.
Intel dual-core microprocessor uses parallel processing.
- ·
Based
on artificial intelligence (AI). Try
to simulate the human way of thinking and reasoning.
- ·
Artificial
intelligence includes areas like expert system (ES), natural language
processing (NLP), speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, Quantum computation, Nanotechnology
etc.
- ·
It
is more reliable and works faster.
- ·
It
is available in different sizes and with unique features.
- ·
It
provides computers with more user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features.
Example:-
• Desktop • Laptop • Notebook • Ultrabook • Chromebook
Disadvantages:
· They need very
low-level languages.
· They may make the
human brains dull and doomed.
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